ActinoBase - User contributions [en-gb]

Actinomycetes Morphology and Lifecycle

2019-09-27T14:28:01Z

EmilyAddington: /* Vegetative Mycelial Growth */

==General==
==Streptomyces Lifecycle==

Streptomyces superficially resemble fungi, producing a mould-like aerial mycelium which develops spore chains. They are slow growing organisms and their complex lifecycle involves significant morphological transitions which begins which a germination spore.[1]

[[File: Lifecycle.jpeg]]

===Vegetative Mycelial Growth===

In favourable conditions, a Streptomyces spore will germinate to produce or or two germ-tubes which grow by branching and tip-extension to form a vegetative mycelium. [2] Spores initially swell prior to germ-tube emergence.

===Aerial Hyphae Growth===
===Spore Differentiation===
==References==
[1] Hasani, A., Kariminik, A. and Isaazadeh, K. (2014) ‘Streptomycetes : Characteristics and Their Antimicrobial Activities’, International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research.

[2] Flärdh, K. and Buttner, M. J. (2009) ‘Streptomyces morphogenetics: dissecting differentiation in a filamentous bacterium’, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(1), pp. 36–49. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1968.

Actinomycetes Morphology and Lifecycle

2019-09-27T14:20:41Z

EmilyAddington: /* Vegetative Mycelial Growth */

==General==
==Streptomyces Lifecycle==

Streptomyces superficially resemble fungi, producing a mould-like aerial mycelium which develops spore chains. They are slow growing organisms and their complex lifecycle involves significant morphological transitions which begins which a germination spore.[1]

[[File: Lifecycle.jpeg]]

===Vegetative Mycelial Growth===

In favourable conditions, a Streptomyces spore will germinate to produce or or two germ-tubes which grow by tip-extension to form a vegetative mycelium. [2]

===Aerial Hyphae Growth===
===Spore Differentiation===
==References==
[1] Hasani, A., Kariminik, A. and Isaazadeh, K. (2014) ‘Streptomycetes : Characteristics and Their Antimicrobial Activities’, International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research.

[2] Flärdh, K. and Buttner, M. J. (2009) ‘Streptomyces morphogenetics: dissecting differentiation in a filamentous bacterium’, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(1), pp. 36–49. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1968.

Actinomycetes Morphology and Lifecycle

2019-09-27T14:19:48Z

EmilyAddington: /* Streptomyces Lifecycle */

==General==
==Streptomyces Lifecycle==

Streptomyces superficially resemble fungi, producing a mould-like aerial mycelium which develops spore chains. They are slow growing organisms and their complex lifecycle involves significant morphological transitions which begins which a germination spore.[1]

[[File: Lifecycle.jpeg]]

===Vegetative Mycelial Growth===

In favourable conditions, a Streptomyces spore will germinate to produce or or two germ-tubes which grow by tip-extension to form a vegetative mycelium [

===Aerial Hyphae Growth===
===Spore Differentiation===
==References==
[1] Hasani, A., Kariminik, A. and Isaazadeh, K. (2014) ‘Streptomycetes : Characteristics and Their Antimicrobial Activities’, International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research.

[2] Flärdh, K. and Buttner, M. J. (2009) ‘Streptomyces morphogenetics: dissecting differentiation in a filamentous bacterium’, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(1), pp. 36–49. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1968.

Actinomycetes Morphology and Lifecycle

2019-09-27T14:07:21Z

EmilyAddington: /* Streptomyces Lifecycle */

==General==
==Streptomyces Lifecycle==
===Vegetative Mycelial Growth===
===Aerial Hyphae Growth===
===Spore Differentiation===

Actinomycetes Morphology and Lifecycle

2019-09-27T14:04:37Z

EmilyAddington: /* General */

==General==
==Streptomyces Lifecycle==
===Spore Germination===
===Vegetative Mycelial Growth===
===Aerial Hyphae Growth===

Actinomycetes Morphology and Lifecycle

2019-09-27T13:58:14Z

EmilyAddington:

==General==

Actinomycetes Morphology and Lifecycle

2019-09-27T13:53:29Z

EmilyAddington: Created blank page

Actinobacteria

2019-09-27T13:51:31Z

EmilyAddington: /* Morphology and Lifecycle */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem [1]. Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds [1]. Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra [2]. Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil [1]. Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria [1][3].

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms [1]. Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching [1]. Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation [1].

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==

Actinobacteria display varied morphology and lifecycles depending on the environmental niche in which they reside.

[[File: Lifecycle.jpeg]]

The Actinomycetes have a complex lifecycle involving significant morphological transitions which begins with a germinating spore. Germ-tubes emerge from the spore by tip-elongation and expand to form a branching multichromosomal filamentous network known as a vegetative mycelium. This is the first phase of growth, with the vegetative mycelium often expanding deep into the surrounding environment. The second phase of growth is initiated in response to nutrient depletion amongst other signals such as quorum-sensing and environmental stresses [4]. During this stage secondary metabolites are produced, and unbranched aerial hyphae grow upwards and outwards of the aqueous vegetative mycelium [1]. Aerial hyphae are sporogenic, forming septal cross walls which separate them into pre-spore compartments which will ultimately become spore chains. Spores are typically unigenomic and have thick spore-walls to protect the enclosed genetic material [4]. Mature spores are disseminated into the environment to begin the lifecycle anew.
[[Actinomycetes Morphology and Lifecycle]].

==Actinobacteria genetics==

==Antimicrobial production==

==References==

[1] Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

[2] Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

[3] Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

[4] Flärdh, K. and Buttner, M. J. (2009) ‘Streptomyces morphogenetics: dissecting differentiation in a filamentous bacterium’, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(1), pp. 36–49. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1968.

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-09-27T13:47:26Z

EmilyAddington: /* Morphology and Lifecycle */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem [1]. Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds [1]. Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra [2]. Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil [1]. Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria [1][3].

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms [1]. Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching [1]. Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation [1].

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
[[==Morphology and Lifecycle==]]

Actinobacteria display varied morphology and lifecycles depending on the environmental niche in which they reside.

[[File: Lifecycle.jpeg]]

The Actinomycetes have a complex lifecycle involving significant morphological transitions which begins with a germinating spore. Germ-tubes emerge from the spore by tip-elongation and expand to form a branching multichromosomal filamentous network known as a vegetative mycelium. This is the first phase of growth, with the vegetative mycelium often expanding deep into the surrounding environment. The second phase of growth is initiated in response to nutrient depletion amongst other signals such as quorum-sensing and environmental stresses [4]. During this stage secondary metabolites are produced, and unbranched aerial hyphae grow upwards and outwards of the aqueous vegetative mycelium [1]. Aerial hyphae are sporogenic, forming septal cross walls which separate them into pre-spore compartments which will ultimately become spore chains. Spores are typically unigenomic and have thick spore-walls to protect the enclosed genetic material [4]. Mature spores are disseminated into the environment to begin the lifecycle anew.

==Actinobacteria genetics==

==Antimicrobial production==

==References==

[1] Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

[2] Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

[3] Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

[4] Flärdh, K. and Buttner, M. J. (2009) ‘Streptomyces morphogenetics: dissecting differentiation in a filamentous bacterium’, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(1), pp. 36–49. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1968.

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-09-27T13:43:31Z

EmilyAddington:

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem [1]. Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds [1]. Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra [2]. Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil [1]. Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria [1][3].

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms [1]. Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching [1]. Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation [1].

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==

Actinobacteria display varied morphology and lifecycles depending on the environmental niche in which they reside.

[[File: Lifecycle.jpeg]]

The Actinomycetes have a complex lifecycle involving significant morphological transitions which begins with a germinating spore. Germ-tubes emerge from the spore by tip-elongation and expand to form a branching multichromosomal filamentous network known as a vegetative mycelium. This is the first phase of growth, with the vegetative mycelium often expanding deep into the surrounding environment. The second phase of growth is initiated in response to nutrient depletion amongst other signals such as quorum-sensing and environmental stresses [4]. During this stage secondary metabolites are produced, and unbranched aerial hyphae grow upwards and outwards of the aqueous vegetative mycelium [1]. Aerial hyphae are sporogenic, forming septal cross walls which separate them into pre-spore compartments which will ultimately become spore chains. Spores are typically unigenomic and have thick spore-walls to protect the enclosed genetic material [4]. Mature spores are disseminated into the environment to begin the lifecycle anew.

==Actinobacteria genetics==

==Antimicrobial production==

==References==

[1] Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

[2] Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

[3] Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

[4] Flärdh, K. and Buttner, M. J. (2009) ‘Streptomyces morphogenetics: dissecting differentiation in a filamentous bacterium’, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(1), pp. 36–49. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1968.

==Further Reading==

File:Lifecycle.jpeg

2019-08-30T15:40:02Z

EmilyAddington: EmilyAddington uploaded a new version of File:Lifecycle.jpeg

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T15:37:55Z

EmilyAddington: /* Morphology and Lifecycle */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem [1]. Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds [1]. Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra [2]. Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil [1]. Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria [1][3].

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms [1]. Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching [1]. Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation [1].

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==

Actinobacteria display varied morphology and lifecycles depending on the environmental niche in which they reside.

[[File: Lifecycle.jpeg]]

The Actinomycetes have a complex lifecycle involving significant morphological transitions which begins with a germinating spore. Germ-tubes emerge from the spore by tip-elongation and expand to form a branching multichromosomal filamentous network known as a vegetative mycelium. This is the first phase of growth, with the vegetative mycelium often expanding deep into the surrounding environment. The second phase of growth is initiated in response to nutrient depletion amongst other signals such as quorum-sensing and environmental stresses. During this stage secondary metabolites are produced, and unbranched aerial hyphae grow upwards and outwards of the aqueous vegetative mycelium. Aerial hyphae are sporogenic, forming septal cross walls which separate them into pre-spore compartments which will ultimately become spore chains. Spores are typically unigenomic and have thick spore-walls to protect the enclosed genetic material. Mature spores are disseminated into the environment to begin the lifecycle anew.

==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
[1] Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

[2] Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

[3] Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

File:Lifecycle.jpeg

2019-08-30T15:36:51Z

EmilyAddington:

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T15:36:11Z

EmilyAddington: /* Morphology and Lifecycle */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem [1]. Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds [1]. Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra [2]. Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil [1]. Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria [1][3].

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms [1]. Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching [1]. Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation [1].

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==

Actinobacteria display varied morphology and lifecycles depending on the environmental niche in which they reside.

The Actinomycetes have a complex lifecycle involving significant morphological transitions which begins with a germinating spore. Germ-tubes emerge from the spore by tip-elongation and expand to form a branching multichromosomal filamentous network known as a vegetative mycelium. This is the first phase of growth, with the vegetative mycelium often expanding deep into the surrounding environment. The second phase of growth is initiated in response to nutrient depletion amongst other signals such as quorum-sensing and environmental stresses. During this stage secondary metabolites are produced, and unbranched aerial hyphae grow upwards and outwards of the aqueous vegetative mycelium. Aerial hyphae are sporogenic, forming septal cross walls which separate them into pre-spore compartments which will ultimately become spore chains. Spores are typically unigenomic and have thick spore-walls to protect the enclosed genetic material. Mature spores are disseminated into the environment to begin the lifecycle anew.

==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
[1] Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

[2] Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

[3] Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T15:34:20Z

EmilyAddington: /* Morphology and Lifecycle */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem [1]. Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds [1]. Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra [2]. Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil [1]. Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria [1][3].

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms [1]. Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching [1]. Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation [1].

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==

Actinobacteria display varied morphology and lifecycles depending on the environmental niche in which they reside.

The Actinomycetes have a complex lifecycle involving significant morphological transitions which begins with a germinating spore. Germ-tubes emerge from the spore by tip-elongation and expand to form a branching multichromosomal filamentous network known as a vegetative mycelium. This is the first phase of growth, with the vegetative mycelium often expanding deep into the surrounding environment. The second phase of growth is initiated in response to nutrient depletion amongst other signals such as quorum-sensing and environmental stresses. During this stage secondary metabolites are produced, and unbranched aerial hyphae grow upwards and outwards of the aqueous vegetative mycelium. Aerial hyphae are sporogenic, forming septal cross walls which separate them into pre-spore compartments which will ultimately become spore chains. Spores are typically unigenomic and have thick spore-walls to protect the enclosed genetic material. Mature spores are disseminated into the environment to begin the lifecycle anew.

==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
[1] Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

[2] Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

[3] Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T15:33:35Z

EmilyAddington: /* Morphology and Lifecycle */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem [1]. Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds [1]. Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra [2]. Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil [1]. Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria [1][3].

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms [1]. Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching [1]. Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation [1].

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==

Actinobacteria display varied morphology and lifecycles depending on the environmental niche in which they reside.

The Actinomycetes have a complex lifecycle involving significant morphological transitions which begins with a germinating spore. Germ-tubes emerge from the spore by tip-elongation and expand to form a branching multichromosomal filamentous network known as a vegetative mycelium. This is the first phase of growth, with the vegetative mycelium often explaining deep into its environment. The second phase of growth is initiated in response to nutrient depletion amongst other signals such as quorum-sensing and environmental stresses. During this stage secondary metabolites are produced, and unbranched aerial hyphae grow upwards and outwards of the aqueous vegetative mycelium. Aerial hyphae are sporogenic, forming septal cross walls which separate them into pre-spore compartments which will ultimately become spore chains. Spores are typically unigenomic and have thick spore-walls to protect the enclosed genetic material. Mature spores are disseminated into the environment to begin the lifecycle anew.

==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
[1] Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

[2] Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

[3] Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T15:04:20Z

EmilyAddington: /* References */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem [1]. Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds [1]. Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans [1]. The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra [2]. Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil [1]. Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria [1][3].

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms [1]. Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching [1]. Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation [1].

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==

==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
[1] Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

[2] Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

[3] Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T15:03:43Z

EmilyAddington:

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T15:00:56Z

EmilyAddington: /* Morphology and Lifecycle */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra (2). Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil (1). Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria (1)(3).

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms (1). Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching (1). Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation(1).

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==

==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
1. Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

2.Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

3.Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:51:20Z

EmilyAddington: /* General */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra (2). Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil (1). Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria (1)(3).

Members of the Actinobacteria phyla display a diverse range of morphologies, including coccoid, rod-coccoid and fragmenting hyphal forms (1). Many Actinobacteria are
filamentous and mycelium-forming via tip-extension and hyphal branching (1). Such mycelial Actinobacteria are referred to as Actinomycetes (“ray” and “fungus”) as they superficially resemble fungi, with many reproducing through sporulation(1).

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
1. Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

2.Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

3.Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:49:08Z

EmilyAddington: /* General */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra (2). Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil (1). Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria (1)(3).

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
1. Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

2.Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

3.Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:43:02Z

EmilyAddington: /* General */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra (2). Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil (1). Streptomyces also produce the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria (1)(3).

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
1. Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

2.Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

3.Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:42:08Z

EmilyAddington: /* General */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Norcardia and Tropheryma, which cause disease in humans (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra (2). Soil Actinobacteria include the genera Micromonopspora and Streptomyces, both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil (1). Streptomyces also produces the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria (1)(3).

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
1. Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

2.Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

3.Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:39:10Z

EmilyAddington: /* General */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are free-living and are found ubiquitously in marine, fresh-water aquatic and terrestrial environments. Actinobacteria are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest taxonomic units within the Bacteria domain and is diversely comprised of human and plant pathogens, human and plant commensals, and free-living saprophytes. Well-known pathogenic Actinobacteria include those belonging to the genera "Mycobacterium", "Corneybacterium", "Norcardia" and "Tropheryma", which cause disease in humans (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are soil-dwelling and are widely distributed across varied ecological environments: from mangrove swamps to the Antarctic Tundra (2). Soil Actinobacteria include the genera "Micromonopspora" and "Streptomyces", both of which are prolific producers of antimicrobial compounds. Soil microbial populations are composed largely of the genus Streptomyces, which accounts for 95% the Actinomycetes strains isolated from soil (1). Streptomyces also produces the vast majority of antibiotic compounds sourced from Actinobacteria (1)(3).

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
1. Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

2.Qin, S., Li, W. J., Klenk, H. P., Hozzein, W. N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Editorial: Actinobacteria in special and extreme habitats: Diversity, function roles and environmental adaptations, second edition. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00944

3.Manteca, Á., & Yagüe, P. (2019). Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways. In Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81812

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:36:47Z

EmilyAddington: /* References */

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:21:10Z

EmilyAddington: /* General */

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:20:24Z

EmilyAddington: /* General */

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:18:08Z

EmilyAddington: /* References */

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are found in aquatic and terrestrial environments and are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
1. Barka, E. A., Vatsa, P., Sanchez, L., Gaveau-Vaillant, N., Jacquard, C., Klenk, H.-P., … van Wezel, G. P. (2016). Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15

==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:17:13Z

EmilyAddington:

==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are found in aquatic and terrestrial environments and are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T14:16:45Z

EmilyAddington:

=Actinobacteria=
==General==

Actinobacteria are non-motile, gram-positive bacteria characterised by high guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) DNA content (1). The majority of Actinobacteria are found in aquatic and terrestrial environments and are particularly abundant in soil, where they perform many vital roles in the decomposition of organic matter, plant growth, and enrichment of the soil ecosystem (1). Soil Actinobacteria are mesophilic, growing optimally at temperatures of 25-30°C, and prefer a neutral pH. Many saprophytic Actinobacteria also produce bioactive secondary metabolites which are the source of two-thirds of naturally derived antibiotics and numerous anticancer, antianthelmintic and antifungal compounds (1). Bacteria belonging to this phylum are therefore of considerable biotechnological, medical and agricultural importance.

==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
==Further Reading==

Actinobacteria

2019-08-30T13:57:08Z

EmilyAddington: Created page with "=Actinobacteria= ==General== ==Taxonomy== ==Ecology== ==Morphology and Lifecycle== ==Actinobacteria genetics== ==Antimicrobial production== ==References== ==Further Reading=="

=Actinobacteria=
==General==
==Taxonomy==
==Ecology==
==Morphology and Lifecycle==
==Actinobacteria genetics==
==Antimicrobial production==
==References==
==Further Reading==