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	<id>https://actinobase.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Jake+Newitt</id>
	<title>ActinoBase - User contributions [en-gb]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://actinobase.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Jake+Newitt"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Jake_Newitt"/>
	<updated>2026-10-17T20:02:34Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=2053</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=2053"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T12:41:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;In vitro&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat Take-all bioassays]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;In planta&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Imaging GFP streptomyces on arabidopsis roots| Imaging GFP Streptomyces on &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores | Growing &#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; from gemmae]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Wheat protocols&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat seed sterilisation]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat root exudate harvesting| Harvesting root exudates]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Salting_Out_Genomic_DNA_Extraction_Method&amp;diff=2052</id>
		<title>Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Salting_Out_Genomic_DNA_Extraction_Method&amp;diff=2052"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T12:36:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Uses */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Isolation of high molecular weight (HMW) genomic DNA by salting out=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The salting out method is used to isolate high yields of high molecular weight DNA, usually for applications such as whole genome sequencing. It is particularly useful for long read sequencing such as PacBIO and Nanopore, as &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; has long regions of repetitive DNA sequences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is recommended that a whole day is allocated for this protocol, particularly if it is the first time conducting it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
*Mycelium from 25ml culture (split a 50ml culture into 2)&lt;br /&gt;
*SET buffer:- 75mM NaCl, 25mM EDTA pH8, 20mM Tris-HCl pH7.5&lt;br /&gt;
*Lysozyme:- 50mg ml&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Proteinase K:- 20mg ml&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*SDS:- 10%&lt;br /&gt;
*NaCl:- 5M&lt;br /&gt;
*Isopropanol&lt;br /&gt;
*70% Ethanol&lt;br /&gt;
*TE buffer of sterilised dH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
*Sealed Pateur pipette&lt;br /&gt;
*Eppendorf tubes&lt;br /&gt;
*10ml pipettes&lt;br /&gt;
*Yellow tips/blue tips and P200/P1000 pipette&lt;br /&gt;
*5ml or 10ml pipette&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Instructions==&lt;br /&gt;
#Resuspend mycelium in 5ml SET buffer in a 50ml falcon tube. Add 100µl of lysozyme solution. Incubate at 37 degrees C&amp;amp;deg; for 1-3 hours, lysis step is complete when the reaction has clarified and turned viscous. Note that the reaction may not clarify completely, this stage may require organism specific optimisation.&lt;br /&gt;
#Add 140µl proteinase K solution and 600µl 10% SDS, then mix by inversion. Incubate at 55&amp;amp;deg; for 2 hours and invert occasionally&lt;br /&gt;
#Add 2ml 5M NaCl and mix by inversion&lt;br /&gt;
#Allow to temperature to cool to 37&amp;amp;deg; or lower before adding 5ml chloroform. Mix by inversion for 30 minutes at 20&amp;amp;deg;&lt;br /&gt;
#Centrifuge at 4500g for 15 minutes at 20&amp;amp;deg; &lt;br /&gt;
#Carefully remove the top layer with a cut pipette tip and transfer to a clean tube. If the solution is still opaque, consider adding more NaCl, SDS and Chloroform as per steps 2-4 and repeat step 5&lt;br /&gt;
#The solution should be incubated on ice for 2 minutes, before adding 0.6 vol ice cold isopropanol. Mix by inversion and continue to incubate on ice for around 3 minutes. Spool DNA onto a sealed pasteur pipette&lt;br /&gt;
#Rinse DNA in 5ml 70% ethanol and leave to air dry. Using cut tips, resuspend in 500µl of TE or sterilised dH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Uses==&lt;br /&gt;
*Whole Genome Sequencing&lt;br /&gt;
*Template Generation for PCR&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
For growth in liquid culture, [[DNA]] can be made without the agar ([[DNB]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adapted from Kieser, T., Bibb, M.J., Buttner, M.J., Chater, K.F. and Hopwood, D.A., 2000. Practical &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; genetics (Vol. 291). Norwich: John Innes Foundation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Protocol adapted for ActinoBase by Jake T. Newitt, PhD student at the University of East Anglia.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Salting_Out_Genomic_DNA_Extraction_Method&amp;diff=2051</id>
		<title>Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Salting_Out_Genomic_DNA_Extraction_Method&amp;diff=2051"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T12:36:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Preparation and reagents needed */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Isolation of high molecular weight (HMW) genomic DNA by salting out=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The salting out method is used to isolate high yields of high molecular weight DNA, usually for applications such as whole genome sequencing. It is particularly useful for long read sequencing such as PacBIO and Nanopore, as &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; has long regions of repetitive DNA sequences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is recommended that a whole day is allocated for this protocol, particularly if it is the first time conducting it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
*Mycelium from 25ml culture (split a 50ml culture into 2)&lt;br /&gt;
*SET buffer:- 75mM NaCl, 25mM EDTA pH8, 20mM Tris-HCl pH7.5&lt;br /&gt;
*Lysozyme:- 50mg ml&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Proteinase K:- 20mg ml&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*SDS:- 10%&lt;br /&gt;
*NaCl:- 5M&lt;br /&gt;
*Isopropanol&lt;br /&gt;
*70% Ethanol&lt;br /&gt;
*TE buffer of sterilised dH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
*Sealed Pateur pipette&lt;br /&gt;
*Eppendorf tubes&lt;br /&gt;
*10ml pipettes&lt;br /&gt;
*Yellow tips/blue tips and P200/P1000 pipette&lt;br /&gt;
*5ml or 10ml pipette&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Instructions==&lt;br /&gt;
#Resuspend mycelium in 5ml SET buffer in a 50ml falcon tube. Add 100µl of lysozyme solution. Incubate at 37 degrees C&amp;amp;deg; for 1-3 hours, lysis step is complete when the reaction has clarified and turned viscous. Note that the reaction may not clarify completely, this stage may require organism specific optimisation.&lt;br /&gt;
#Add 140µl proteinase K solution and 600µl 10% SDS, then mix by inversion. Incubate at 55&amp;amp;deg; for 2 hours and invert occasionally&lt;br /&gt;
#Add 2ml 5M NaCl and mix by inversion&lt;br /&gt;
#Allow to temperature to cool to 37&amp;amp;deg; or lower before adding 5ml chloroform. Mix by inversion for 30 minutes at 20&amp;amp;deg;&lt;br /&gt;
#Centrifuge at 4500g for 15 minutes at 20&amp;amp;deg; &lt;br /&gt;
#Carefully remove the top layer with a cut pipette tip and transfer to a clean tube. If the solution is still opaque, consider adding more NaCl, SDS and Chloroform as per steps 2-4 and repeat step 5&lt;br /&gt;
#The solution should be incubated on ice for 2 minutes, before adding 0.6 vol ice cold isopropanol. Mix by inversion and continue to incubate on ice for around 3 minutes. Spool DNA onto a sealed pasteur pipette&lt;br /&gt;
#Rinse DNA in 5ml 70% ethanol and leave to air dry. Using cut tips, resuspend in 500µl of TE or sterilised dH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Uses==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Whole Genome Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Template Generation for PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
For growth in liquid culture, [[DNA]] can be made without the agar ([[DNB]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adapted from Kieser, T., Bibb, M.J., Buttner, M.J., Chater, K.F. and Hopwood, D.A., 2000. Practical &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; genetics (Vol. 291). Norwich: John Innes Foundation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Protocol adapted for ActinoBase by Jake T. Newitt, PhD student at the University of East Anglia.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Wheat_Take-all_bioassays&amp;diff=2050</id>
		<title>Wheat Take-all bioassays</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Wheat_Take-all_bioassays&amp;diff=2050"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T12:35:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Wheat Take-all bioassays=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This assay is used to determine whether &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; strains are able to produce antifungal compounds that inhibit the wheat root pathogen &#039;&#039;Gaeumannomyces tritici&#039;&#039;, which is causes wheat take-all disease.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This assay usually takes 14 days, but it may take longer as the time taken for the plug to establish in the assay plate may vary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
* 33ml Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spores in 20% glycerol.&lt;br /&gt;
* Actively growing plate of &#039;&#039;Gaeumannomyces tritici&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Glass Pasteur pipette or sterile P1000 pipette tips&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Instructions==&lt;br /&gt;
# Inoculate PDA plates in triplicate by spotting 5μl of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spores about a third of the way into a plate of PDA.&lt;br /&gt;
# Allow cultures to grow for 7 days at 30&amp;amp;deg;.&lt;br /&gt;
# Using a flame sterilized Pasteur pipette or P1000 pipette tip, remove a plug of agar about a third of the way into the plate opposite the &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; colony. Sterile toothpicks can be used to assist removal of the agar plug.&lt;br /&gt;
# Remove a plug of agar from actively growing &#039;&#039;Gaeumannomyces tritici&#039;&#039; and transfer it to the &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; plate. It is useful to transfer plugs in triplicate to blank PDA plates as a negative control&lt;br /&gt;
# Allow plates to grow at 22&amp;amp;deg; for 7 days. The time taken for the plug to establish in the assay plate may vary, so may need to be grown for longer.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Wheat_Take-all_bioassays&amp;diff=2049</id>
		<title>Wheat Take-all bioassays</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Wheat_Take-all_bioassays&amp;diff=2049"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T12:35:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: Created page with &amp;quot;=Wheat Take-all bioassays=  This assay is used to determine whether &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Streptomyces&amp;#039;&amp;#039; strains are able to produce antifungal compounds that inhibit the wheat root pathogen &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ga...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Wheat Take-all bioassays=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This assay is used to determine whether &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; strains are able to produce antifungal compounds that inhibit the wheat root pathogen &#039;&#039;Gaeumannomyces tritici&#039;&#039;, which is causes wheat take-all disease.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This assay usually takes 14 days, but it may take longer as the time taken for the plug to establish in the assay plate may vary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
* 33ml Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spores in 20% glycerol.&lt;br /&gt;
* Actively growing plate of &#039;&#039;Gaeumannomyces tritici&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Glass Pasteur pipette or sterile P1000 pipette tips&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Instructions&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
# Inoculate PDA plates in triplicate by spotting 5μl of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spores about a third of the way into a plate of PDA.&lt;br /&gt;
# Allow cultures to grow for 7 days at 30&amp;amp;deg;.&lt;br /&gt;
# Using a flame sterilized Pasteur pipette or P1000 pipette tip, remove a plug of agar about a third of the way into the plate opposite the &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; colony. Sterile toothpicks can be used to assist removal of the agar plug.&lt;br /&gt;
# Remove a plug of agar from actively growing &#039;&#039;Gaeumannomyces tritici&#039;&#039; and transfer it to the &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; plate. It is useful to transfer plugs in triplicate to blank PDA plates as a negative control&lt;br /&gt;
# Allow plates to grow at 22&amp;amp;deg; for 7 days. The time taken for the plug to establish in the assay plate may vary, so may need to be grown for longer.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=2048</id>
		<title>Protocols</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=2048"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T11:06:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Plant-Microbe interactions */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Actinobase-icons-trans_Protocols.png|150px|Protocols|link=Protocols]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Protocols organised by category=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Bacteriophage]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Biochemistry]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Microbiology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes | General Characterisaton of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a comprehensive guide to actinomycete characterisation see the [https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/microorganisms/special-groups-of-organisms/compendium-of-actinobacteria Compendium of Actinobacteria] from [https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/microbial-strain-collection/our-research/#anchorsection Prof. Joachim Wink] at the German Collection of Microorganisms &amp;amp; Cell Cultures ([https://www.dsmz.de/ DSMZ]). This resouce provides protocols for characterising a wide range of features for new isolates, but may also be applicable more broadly for example for phenotyping experiments. The tests include colony morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, carbon utlilisation and much more. To download the guide please see the link below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://actinobase.org/downloads/DSMZ.pdf DSMZ Compendium of Actinobacteria]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Plant-Microbe interactions]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* See [[Plant-Microbe interactions|main section]] for full list of protocols&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Microscopy]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cultivating Actinobacteria for Microscopic Analysis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Mutagenesis]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Natural Products]]== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Production of microbial volatile organic compounds]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Next Generation Sequencing]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP-exo sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05265-7/&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Differential RNA sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Nucleic Acid Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA interference]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Protein Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Alphabetical list of protocols=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[ChIP Seq]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=2047</id>
		<title>Protocols</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=2047"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T11:06:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Plant-microbe interactions */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Actinobase-icons-trans_Protocols.png|150px|Protocols|link=Protocols]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Protocols organised by category=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Bacteriophage]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Biochemistry]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Microbiology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes | General Characterisaton of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a comprehensive guide to actinomycete characterisation see the [https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/microorganisms/special-groups-of-organisms/compendium-of-actinobacteria Compendium of Actinobacteria] from [https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/microbial-strain-collection/our-research/#anchorsection Prof. Joachim Wink] at the German Collection of Microorganisms &amp;amp; Cell Cultures ([https://www.dsmz.de/ DSMZ]). This resouce provides protocols for characterising a wide range of features for new isolates, but may also be applicable more broadly for example for phenotyping experiments. The tests include colony morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, carbon utlilisation and much more. To download the guide please see the link below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://actinobase.org/downloads/DSMZ.pdf DSMZ Compendium of Actinobacteria]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Plant-Microbe interactions]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* See main section for full list of protocols&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Microscopy]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cultivating Actinobacteria for Microscopic Analysis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Mutagenesis]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Natural Products]]== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Production of microbial volatile organic compounds]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Next Generation Sequencing]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP-exo sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05265-7/&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Differential RNA sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Nucleic Acid Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA interference]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Protein Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Alphabetical list of protocols=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[ChIP Seq]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=2046</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=2046"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T10:05:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;in vitro&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat Take-all bioassays]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;in planta&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Imaging GFP streptomyces on arabidopsis roots| Imaging GFP Streptomyces on &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores | Growing &#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; from gemmae]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Wheat protocols&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat seed sterilisation]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat root exudate harvesting| Harvesting root exudates]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=2045</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=2045"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T10:03:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;in vitro&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;in planta&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Imaging GFP streptomyces on arabidopsis roots| Imaging GFP Streptomyces on &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores | Growing &#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; from gemmae]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Wheat protocols&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat seed sterilisation]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat root exudate harvesting| Harvesting root exudates]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Imaging_GFP_streptomyces_on_arabidopsis_roots&amp;diff=2044</id>
		<title>Imaging GFP streptomyces on arabidopsis roots</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Imaging_GFP_streptomyces_on_arabidopsis_roots&amp;diff=2044"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T10:02:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Preparation and reagents needed */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Imaging GFP streptomyces on &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; strains that contain pIJ8660/PermE* and are able to produce the eGFP protein encoded by it can be visualised on the roots of &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; plants. This can be useful to ascertain whether the strain is able to colonise the surface or the interior of the root.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis thaliana&#039;&#039; Col-0 seeds&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; modified with pIJ9660/PermE* - see [[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
* 20% glycerol&lt;br /&gt;
* 70% ethanol&lt;br /&gt;
* 20% bleach (6% sodium hypochlorite solution)&lt;br /&gt;
* Murashige and Skoog with 10% surcrose (MS10)&lt;br /&gt;
* Murashige and Skoog with no sucrose (MS0)&lt;br /&gt;
* 276 SynaptoRed (optional)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Instructions&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
# Sterilise &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis thaliana&#039;&#039; seeds by washing in 70% ethanol for 2 minutes followed by 20% bleach for another 2 minutes. Wash 5 times in sterile distilled water.&lt;br /&gt;
# Germinate &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis thaliana&#039;&#039; Col-0 seeds on MS10 for 9 days  under a 12 hour photoperiod.&lt;br /&gt;
# Transfer seedlings to MS0 agar using sterile tweezers to gently lift from the stem.&lt;br /&gt;
# Allow seedlings to recover from the transfer for 24 hours, before inoculating the base of the stem with 1µl of 1*10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;cfu/ml of GFP labelled &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039;. Allow to dry.&lt;br /&gt;
# Grow seedlings for a further 3 days at a 12 hour photoperiod.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wash seedlings in 1 μg/ml&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;−1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; 276 SynaptoRed for 10 min. Alternatively, wash seedlings in 20% glycerol for 20 minutes. 276 SynaptoRed is used as a counterstain for the plant tissue, for improved contrast and visualisation using confocal microscopy.&lt;br /&gt;
# Mount a 20mm section of root onto a glass slide with 100μl of the SynaptoRed/20% glycerol solution, or 20% glycerol if the counterstain is not used.&lt;br /&gt;
# Samples can be imaged using epifluorescence microscopy but for best results, image using confocal laser scanning microscopy (fCLSM)&lt;br /&gt;
# Green fluorescent protein is excited at 488nm, emission is collected through 527.5 +/- 22.5nm bandpass filter.&lt;br /&gt;
# SynaptoRed is excited at 543nm and emission is collected through a 587.5 +/- 27.5nm bandpass filter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adapted from &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sarah F Worsley , Jake Newitt , Johannes Rassbach, Sibyl F D Batey, Neil A Holmes, J Colin Murrell, Barrie Wilkinson, Matthew I Hutchings - Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Protocol adapted for ActinoBase by Jake T. Newitt, PhD student at the University of East Anglia.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=2043</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=2043"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T09:59:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;in vitro&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores | Growing &#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; from gemmae]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Wheat protocols&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat seed sterilisation]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat root exudate harvesting| Harvesting root exudates]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;in planta&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Imaging GFP streptomyces on arabidopsis roots| Imaging GFP Streptomyces on &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Imaging_GFP_streptomyces_on_arabidopsis_roots&amp;diff=2042</id>
		<title>Imaging GFP streptomyces on arabidopsis roots</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Imaging_GFP_streptomyces_on_arabidopsis_roots&amp;diff=2042"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T09:21:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Preparation and reagents needed */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Imaging GFP streptomyces on &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; strains that contain pIJ8660/PermE* and are able to produce the eGFP protein encoded by it can be visualised on the roots of &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; plants. This can be useful to ascertain whether the strain is able to colonise the surface or the interior of the root.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; modified with pIJ9660/PermE* - see [[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Instructions&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
#&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adapted from &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sarah F Worsley , Jake Newitt , Johannes Rassbach, Sibyl F D Batey, Neil A Holmes, J Colin Murrell, Barrie Wilkinson, Matthew I Hutchings - Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Protocol adapted for ActinoBase by Jake T. Newitt, PhD student at the University of East Anglia.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Imaging_GFP_streptomyces_on_arabidopsis_roots&amp;diff=2041</id>
		<title>Imaging GFP streptomyces on arabidopsis roots</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Imaging_GFP_streptomyces_on_arabidopsis_roots&amp;diff=2041"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T09:16:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Imaging GFP streptomyces on &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; strains that contain pIJ8660/PermE* and are able to produce the eGFP protein encoded by it can be visualised on the roots of &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; plants. This can be useful to ascertain whether the strain is able to colonise the surface or the interior of the root.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Instructions&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
#&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adapted from &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sarah F Worsley , Jake Newitt , Johannes Rassbach, Sibyl F D Batey, Neil A Holmes, J Colin Murrell, Barrie Wilkinson, Matthew I Hutchings - Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Protocol adapted for ActinoBase by Jake T. Newitt, PhD student at the University of East Anglia.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Imaging_GFP_streptomyces_on_arabidopsis_roots&amp;diff=2040</id>
		<title>Imaging GFP streptomyces on arabidopsis roots</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Imaging_GFP_streptomyces_on_arabidopsis_roots&amp;diff=2040"/>
		<updated>2022-03-28T09:05:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: Created page with &amp;quot;=Imaging GFP streptomyces on &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Arabidopsis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; roots=  &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Streptomyces&amp;#039;&amp;#039; strains that contain pIJ8660/PermE* and are able to produce the eGFP protein encoded by it can be visuali...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Imaging GFP streptomyces on &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; strains that contain pIJ8660/PermE* and are able to produce the eGFP protein encoded by it can be visualised on the roots of &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; plants. This can be useful to ascertain whether the strain is able to colonise the surface or the interior of the root.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Instructions&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
#&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adapted from &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Protocol adapted for ActinoBase by Jake T. Newitt, PhD student at the University of East Anglia.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plasmids&amp;diff=2035</id>
		<title>Plasmids</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plasmids&amp;diff=2035"/>
		<updated>2022-03-03T17:41:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Actinobase-icons-trans_Plasmids.png|150px|Plasmids|link=Plasmids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Various plasmids have been developed for use in &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; (most will also contain an origin of replication that functions in &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Escherichia coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, for cloning, general maintenance, and [[intergeneric conjugation into Streptomyces]]). Many of the plasmids commonly used for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; work are &#039;&#039;&#039;integrative&#039;&#039;&#039;: they insert into a specific site on the &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; chromosome using a [[site-specific phage recombinase]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following is an alphabetical list of a number of useful vectors - see also [[Overview of Streptomyces vectors]]. Some of these vectors are available under MTA from [https://www.addgene.org/ Addgene]. Many others are also available under MTA by request at [mailto:jic.strepstrains@jic.ac.uk|JIC StrepStrains].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plasmids used in &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pCAP03]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pCRISPomyces-2]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pCRISPR-Cas9]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pCRISPR-dCas9]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pESAC13]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pIJ101]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pIJ8660]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pIJ10257]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pIJ12738]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pIJ12742]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pIJ6902]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pKC1132]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pMF96]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pMS82]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pRT802]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pSET152]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pSS170]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pTOYAMAcos]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pTYM18]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pTYM19]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Supercos1]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pGM9]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pGM190]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plasmids used for PCR targeting (Redirect)==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://streptomyces.org.uk/redirect/index.html Redirect protocol and template information]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pIJ773]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plasmids used for heterologous protein expression in &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following plasmids are frequently used to express proteins heterologously in &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, e.g. for two-hybrid analysis or protein purification. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[pET28a]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vectors for Bacterial two-hybrid experiments&lt;br /&gt;
[[pKT25/pKNT25]] | [[pUT18/pUT18C]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Streptomyces_Bacteriophages&amp;diff=2034</id>
		<title>Streptomyces Bacteriophages</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Streptomyces_Bacteriophages&amp;diff=2034"/>
		<updated>2022-03-03T16:44:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Streptomyces bacteriophages=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prof Paul A Hoskisson, University of Strathclyde.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Introduction==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bacteriophages (or phages) are amongst the most abundant biological entities on the planet and exhibit enormous diversity&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[1]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. There has been a huge amount of interest in &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; phages over many years as they have been a source of many valuable tools for molecular biology and genetic manipulation. These include the widely used integrating vector systems&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[2]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; based on phage integrases, such as [[pSET152]], [[pMS82]] and their derivatives, along with newer integrase systems&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[3–5]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, mutagenesis&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[6]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and the older, seldom-used nowadays, phage cloning vectors&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[7,8]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; bacteriophages have also been extensively studied from the perspective of their own biology and diversity&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[1,9,10]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and also in &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from the perspective of bacteriophage resistance&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[11,12]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:PhiC31 plaque assay.jpg|thumb|&#039;&#039;&#039;Example of a &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; bacteriophage.&#039;&#039;&#039; A plaque assay was performed using decimal serial dilutions of ΦC31 and a &#039;&#039;pglW&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&#039;&#039; strain of &#039;&#039;S. coelicolor&#039;&#039;.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; phages are readily isolated from a range of soil and environmental samples on soft agar overnight (see protocol for [[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]), with isolation of novel phage from single phages easily achieved. Success can be increased through enrichment procedures (see protocol [[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]), with the isolation of lytic and temperate phages being relatively straightforward. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Phages can also readily be induced from lysogens (prophages) using the standard methods of UV-induction, mitomycin C-induction and from spontaneous induction events following growth in liquid medium, which provides free phage for plaque formation on suitable indicator strains (not always straightforward as endogenous phage often have narrow host ranges and the original strain is likely immune to a phage it carries).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model Streptomyces phage (our equivalent of the model coliphage, λ) is the temperate phage [[ΦC31]], with clear plaque (lytic) mutants (cΔ25) available and often used in the laboratory. The R4-like group of phages appear to be the most abundant Streptomyces phages globally&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[1]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Beyond the Streptomycetes there have been limited investigations of phage within the Actinobacteria - the exception being the extensive work on Mycobacteriophages&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[10,13,14]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and Corynephages&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[15]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Protocols==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Site-specific phage recombinase | Site-specific phage recombinase targets]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://phagesdb.org/ The Actinobacteriophage Database]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
1. Smith, M. C. M. et al. Evolutionary relationships among actinophages and a putative adaptation for growth in &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. J Bacteriol 195, 4924–35 (2013).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Baltz, R. H. &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; temperate bacteriophage integration systems for stable genetic engineering of actinomycetes (and other organisms). J Ind Microbiol Biot 39, 661–72 (2011).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Bierman, M. et al. Plasmid cloning vectors for the conjugal transfer of DNA from &#039;&#039;Escherichia coli&#039;&#039; to &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Gene 116, 43–49 (1992).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. Gregory, M., Till, R. &amp;amp; Smith, M. Integration Site for &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Phage  BT1 and Development of Site-Specific Integrating Vectors. Journal of Bacteriology 185, (2003).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. Fogg, P. C. M., Haley, J. A., Stark, W. M. &amp;amp; Smith, M. C. M. Genome Integration and Excision by a New &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Bacteriophage, ϕJoe. Appl Environ Microb 83, e02767-16 (2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Khodakaramian, G. Expression of Cre recombinase during transient phage infection permits efficient marker removal in &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039;. Nucleic Acids Research 34, (2006).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Foor, F. &amp;amp; Morin, N. Construction of a shuttle vector consisting of the &#039;&#039;Escherichia coli&#039;&#039; plasmid pACYC177 inserted into the &#039;&#039;Streptomyces cattleya&#039;&#039; phage TG1. Gene 94, 109–113 (1990).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8. Zhou, X., Deng, Z., Hopwood, D. A. &amp;amp; Kieser, T. Characterization of phi HAU3, a broad-host-range temperate &#039;&#039;streptomyces&#039;&#039; phage, and development of phasmids. J Bacteriol 176, 2096–2099 (1994).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
9. Kieser, T. et al. Practical Streptomyces Genetics. (2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10. Hendrix, R. W., Smith, M. C., Burns, R. N., Ford, M. E. &amp;amp; Hatfull, G. F. Evolutionary relationships among diverse bacteriophages and prophages: all the world’s a phage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 2192–7 (1999).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
11. Hoskisson, P. A. &amp;amp; Smith, M. C. Hypervariation and phase variation in the bacteriophage ‘resistome’. Current Opinion in Microbiology 10, (2007).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
12. Hoskisson, P. A., Sumby, P. &amp;amp; Smith, M. C. M. The phage growth limitation system in &#039;&#039;Streptomyces coelicolor&#039;&#039; A(3)2 is a toxin/antitoxin system, comprising enzymes with DNA methyltransferase, protein kinase and ATPase activity. Virology (2015) doi:10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.036.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
13. Kessel, J. C. van &amp;amp; Hatfull, G. F. Efficient point mutagenesis in mycobacteria using single-stranded DNA recombineering: characterization of antimycobacterial drug targets. Molecular Microbiology 67, (2008).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
14. Hatfull, G. F. Molecular Genetics of &#039;&#039;Mycobacteria.&#039;&#039; 81–119 (2014) doi:10.1128/9781555818845.ch5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
15. Sangal, V. &amp;amp; Hoskisson, P. A. Corynephages: Infections of the Infectors. In: &#039;&#039;Corynebacterium diphtheriae&#039;&#039; and Related Toxigenic Species. pp67–81; Springer; Edited Burkovski, A. (2013). doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7624-1_4.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Isolating_Streptomyces_from_plant_roots&amp;diff=1959</id>
		<title>Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Isolating_Streptomyces_from_plant_roots&amp;diff=1959"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T14:36:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE: Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sampling of plant roots for isolation of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; and other microorganisms from the plant rhizosphere and endosphere&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This method can be used to sample plant roots for total or selective bacterial isolation, as well as nucleic extraction for various experiments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Depending on soil type and number of plants being sampled, this protocol can take up to a full day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Preparation and reagents needed&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)&lt;br /&gt;
**6.33g NaH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;PO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;.H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
**16.5g Na&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;HPO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;.H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
**1L dH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
**Autoclave then add 200µl Silwett L-77&lt;br /&gt;
*Ethanol 100%&lt;br /&gt;
*Ethanol 70%&lt;br /&gt;
*50ml falcon tubes&lt;br /&gt;
*Sterile petri dishes&lt;br /&gt;
*Sterile micro centrifuge tubes (MCT)&lt;br /&gt;
*Sterile 10% glycerol&lt;br /&gt;
*Tweezers&lt;br /&gt;
*Sonicating water bath&lt;br /&gt;
*Disposable gloves&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Root sampling protocol&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#Set out foil and wipe down with 70% Ethanol&lt;br /&gt;
#Take plants from pots: shake off large soil particles in a gloved hand (make sure gloves have been disinfected with ethanol), cut off the stems aseptically.&lt;br /&gt;
#Put sampled roots into a 50ml tube containing 25ml of sterile PBS buffer. Wash on a shaker (30mins 180rpm) to remove particles. Alternatively, vortex vigorously for 20 seconds.&lt;br /&gt;
#Transfer the roots to a fresh tube of PBS, repeat step 3 (wash or vortex). &lt;br /&gt;
#If sampling rhizosphere, take the previous tube and centrifuge soil/PBS mixture at 3200g for 15 minutes to form a pellet. The resulting pellet can be resuspended in a smaller volume of PBS and diluted for spread plating, if the end goal is to isolate live bacteria. Alternatively, if the sampling is for nucleic acid isolation, snap freeze pellet in liquid nitrogen.&lt;br /&gt;
#Repeat steps 3 and 4 with the root samples until no further particles are removed by the washing.&lt;br /&gt;
#If there are still soil particles attached to the root, transfer to a sterile petri dish and remove as much soil debris as possible with ethanol flame sterilised tweezers.&lt;br /&gt;
#Transfer to a new falcon with PBS (25ml) and sonicate for 15-20 minutes in a sonicating water bath.&lt;br /&gt;
#If you are sampling from &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots, continue onto step 10 or 11. If you are sampling from thicker roots like &#039;&#039;Triticum aestivum&#039;&#039;, see root sterilisation section below before continuing.&lt;br /&gt;
#For culturing endophytic bacteria: crush the roots in 1-2ml (depending on root size) in sterile 1G with a sterile pestle and mortar, transfer to an MCT. Make serial dilutions (0,-1,-2) and plate out onto replicate agar plates. It is possible to partially select for filamentous actinomycetes by plating on [[SFM]] with nystatin, cyclohexamide and naladixic acid.&lt;br /&gt;
#For DNA extraction from endophytic community, remove roots from PBS and separate into 2 samples for each plant. Snap freeze in liquid nitrogen and crush with a sterile mortar and pestle. Store at -80&amp;amp;deg; until sample is extracted. Use MPBio fast spin kit for soil to extract from crushed roots.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Wheat root sterilisation protocol&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#For sterilisation of wheat (&#039;&#039;Triticum aestivum&#039;&#039;), transfer the PBS washed roots into a falcon containing 10-20ml 70% ethonol and incubate at room temperature for 30 seconds.&lt;br /&gt;
#Transfer the roots to a fresh falcon tube containing 10-20ml 3% bleach solution and incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes.&lt;br /&gt;
#Pour off the bleach and wash with 10-20ml sterile dH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O at least 5 times. Continue to wash until the smell of bleach mostly dissipates.&lt;br /&gt;
#Continue with steps 10 or 11 of root sampling protocol above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Uses&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nucleic acid isolation from wheat roots]] for microbial community analysis&lt;br /&gt;
*General isolation of novel root associated microorganisms&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Root colonization assay – colony forming unit (CFU) count method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Root sampling protocol adapted from:-&lt;br /&gt;
*Lebeis, S.L., Paredes, S.H., Lundberg, D.S., Breakfield, N., Gehring, J., McDonald, M., Malfatti, S., Del Rio, T.G., Jones, C.D., Tringe, S.G. and Dangl, J.L., 2015. Salicylic acid modulates colonization of the root microbiome by specific bacterial taxa. Science, 349(6250), pp.860-864.&lt;br /&gt;
*Lundberg, D.S., Lebeis, S.L., Paredes, S.H., Yourstone, S., Gehring, J., Malfatti, S., Tremblay, J., Engelbrektson, A., Kunin, V., Del Rio, T.G. and Edgar, R.C., 2012. Defining the core Arabidopsis thaliana root microbiome. Nature, 488(7409), p.86.&lt;br /&gt;
*Bulgarelli, D., Rott, M., Schlaeppi, K., van Themaat, E.V.L., Ahmadinejad, N., Assenza, F., Rauf, P., Huettel, B., Reinhardt, R., Schmelzer, E. and Peplies, J., 2012. Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota. Nature, 488(7409), p.91.&lt;br /&gt;
Wheat root sterilisation adapted from:-&lt;br /&gt;
*Larran, S., Perello, A., Simon, M.R. and Moreno, V., 2002. Isolation and analysis of endophytic microorganisms in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(7), pp.683-686.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Protocol adapted for ActinoBase by Jake T. Newitt from the University of East Anglia.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Isolating_Streptomyces_from_plant_roots&amp;diff=1958</id>
		<title>Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Isolating_Streptomyces_from_plant_roots&amp;diff=1958"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T14:32:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE: Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sampling of plant roots for isolation of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; and other microorganisms from the plant rhizosphere and endosphere&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This method can be used to sample plant roots for total or selective bacterial isolation, as well as nucleic extraction for various experiments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Depending on soil type and number of plants being sampled, this protocol can take up to a full day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Preparation and reagents needed&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)&lt;br /&gt;
**6.33g NaH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;PO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;.H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
**16.5g Na&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;HPO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;.H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
**1L dH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
**Autoclave then add 200µl Silwett L-77&lt;br /&gt;
*Ethanol 100%&lt;br /&gt;
*Ethanol 70%&lt;br /&gt;
*50ml falcon tubes&lt;br /&gt;
*Sterile petri dishes&lt;br /&gt;
*Sterile micro centrifuge tubes (MCT)&lt;br /&gt;
*Sterile 10% glycerol&lt;br /&gt;
*Tweezers&lt;br /&gt;
*Sonicating water bath&lt;br /&gt;
*Disposable gloves&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Root sampling protocol&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#Set out foil and wipe down with 70% Ethanol&lt;br /&gt;
#Take plants from pots: shake off large soil particles in a gloved hand (make sure gloves have been disinfected with ethanol), cut off the stems aseptically.&lt;br /&gt;
#Put sampled roots into a 50ml tube containing 25ml of sterile PBS buffer. Wash on a shaker (30mins 180rpm) to remove particles. Alternatively, vortex vigorously for 20 seconds.&lt;br /&gt;
#Transfer the roots to a fresh tube of PBS, repeat step 3 (wash or vortex). &lt;br /&gt;
#If sampling rhizosphere, take the previous tube and centrifuge soil/PBS mixture at 3200g for 15 minutes to form a pellet. The resulting pellet can be resuspended in a smaller volume of PBS and diluted for spread plating, if the end goal is to isolate live bacteria. Alternatively, if the sampling is for nucleic acid isolation, snap freeze pellet in liquid nitrogen.&lt;br /&gt;
#Repeat steps 3 and 4 with the root samples until no further particles are removed by the washing.&lt;br /&gt;
#If there are still soil particles attached to the root, transfer to a sterile petri dish and remove as much soil debris as possible with ethanol flame sterilised tweezers.&lt;br /&gt;
#Transfer to a new falcon with PBS (25ml) and sonicate for 15-20 minutes in a sonicating water bath.&lt;br /&gt;
#If you are sampling from &#039;&#039;Arabidopsis&#039;&#039; roots, continue onto step 10 or 11. If you are sampling from thicker roots like &#039;&#039;Triticum aestivum&#039;&#039;, see root sterilisation section below before continuing.&lt;br /&gt;
#For culturing endophytic bacteria: crush the roots in 1-2ml (depending on root size) in sterile 1G with a sterile pestle and mortar, transfer to an MCT. Make serial dilutions (0,-1,-2) and plate out onto replicate agar plates. It is possible to partially select for filamentous actinomycetes by plating on [[SFM]] with nystatin, cyclohexamide and naladixic acid.&lt;br /&gt;
#For DNA extraction from endophytic community, remove roots from PBS and separate into 2 samples for each plant. Snap freeze in liquid nitrogen and crush with a sterile mortar and pestle. Store at -80&amp;amp;deg; until sample is extracted. Use MPBio fast spin kit for soil to extract from crushed roots.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Wheat root sterilisation protocol&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#For sterilisation of wheat (&#039;&#039;Triticum aestivum&#039;&#039;), transfer the PBS washed roots into a falcon containing 10-20ml 70% ethonol and incubate at room temperature for 30 seconds.&lt;br /&gt;
#Transfer the roots to a fresh falcon tube containing 10-20ml 3% bleach solution and incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes.&lt;br /&gt;
#Pour off the bleach and wash with 10-20ml sterile dH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O at least 5 times. Continue to wash until the smell of bleach mostly dissipates.&lt;br /&gt;
#Continue with steps 10 or 11 of root sampling protocol above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Uses&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Nucleic acid isolation for microbial community analysis&lt;br /&gt;
*General isolation of novel root associated microorganisms&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Plant root colonisation assay (preliminary)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;References&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Root sampling protocol adapted from:-&lt;br /&gt;
*Lebeis, S.L., Paredes, S.H., Lundberg, D.S., Breakfield, N., Gehring, J., McDonald, M., Malfatti, S., Del Rio, T.G., Jones, C.D., Tringe, S.G. and Dangl, J.L., 2015. Salicylic acid modulates colonization of the root microbiome by specific bacterial taxa. Science, 349(6250), pp.860-864.&lt;br /&gt;
*Lundberg, D.S., Lebeis, S.L., Paredes, S.H., Yourstone, S., Gehring, J., Malfatti, S., Tremblay, J., Engelbrektson, A., Kunin, V., Del Rio, T.G. and Edgar, R.C., 2012. Defining the core Arabidopsis thaliana root microbiome. Nature, 488(7409), p.86.&lt;br /&gt;
*Bulgarelli, D., Rott, M., Schlaeppi, K., van Themaat, E.V.L., Ahmadinejad, N., Assenza, F., Rauf, P., Huettel, B., Reinhardt, R., Schmelzer, E. and Peplies, J., 2012. Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota. Nature, 488(7409), p.91.&lt;br /&gt;
Wheat root sterilisation adapted from:-&lt;br /&gt;
*Larran, S., Perello, A., Simon, M.R. and Moreno, V., 2002. Isolation and analysis of endophytic microorganisms in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(7), pp.683-686.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Protocol adapted for ActinoBase by Jake T. Newitt from the University of East Anglia.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1957</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1957"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T14:26:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores| Growing &#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; from gemma spores]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Wheat protocols&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat seed sterilisation]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Harvesting root exudates]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1956</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1956"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T14:26:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores| Growing &#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; from gemma spores]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Wheat protocols&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wheat seed sterilisation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Wheat_seed_sterilisation&amp;diff=1955</id>
		<title>Wheat seed sterilisation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Wheat_seed_sterilisation&amp;diff=1955"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T14:25:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: Created page with &amp;quot;{{DISPLAYTITLE: Wheat seed sterilisation}} =Wheat seed sterilisation protocol=  Wheat seeds are typically sterilised before growing in sterile conditions, such is the case for...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE: Wheat seed sterilisation}}&lt;br /&gt;
=Wheat seed sterilisation protocol=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wheat seeds are typically sterilised before growing in sterile conditions, such is the case for [[harvesting root exudates| harvesting wheat root exudates]]. They may also be sterilized prior to inoculating with &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; bacteria, which is often done to [[Root colonisation assay – colony forming unit (CFU) count method| determine root colonisation fitness]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This protocol takes around 30 minutes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation and reagents needed==&lt;br /&gt;
*Ethanol 70%&lt;br /&gt;
*3% Bleach solution&lt;br /&gt;
*Sterile ddH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&lt;br /&gt;
*50ml falcon tubes&lt;br /&gt;
*Sterile petri dishes&lt;br /&gt;
*Disposable gloves&lt;br /&gt;
*Timer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Wheat seed sterilization protocol==&lt;br /&gt;
#Transfer the required number of seeds to a clean, sterile 50ml falcon tube.&lt;br /&gt;
#Submerge wheat seeds in 70% ethanol and incubate for 30 seconds, then pour off.&lt;br /&gt;
#Submerge wheat seeds in 3% bleach and incubate for 10 minutes, then pour off.&lt;br /&gt;
#Wash seeds in sterile ddH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O 10 times.&lt;br /&gt;
#If seeds are to be inoculated with &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spores, allow to dry in a sterile petri dish under sterile conditions.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1954</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1954"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T14:19:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores| Growing &#039;&#039;Marchantia&#039;&#039; from gemma spores]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; protocols&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1949</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1949"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T14:03:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;Marchantia&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;h4&amp;gt;[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores]]&amp;lt;/h4&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1948</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1948"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T14:00:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h5&amp;gt;Marchantia&amp;lt;/h5&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Growing Marchantia from gemma spores]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1940</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1940"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T13:14:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/ Prudence et al, 2021]). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1936</id>
		<title>Protocols</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1936"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T12:41:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Plant-microbe interactions */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Actinobase-icons-trans_Protocols.png|150px|Protocols|link=Protocols]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Protocols organised by category=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Bacteriophage]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Biochemistry]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Microbiology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes | General Characterisaton of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a comprehensive guide to actinomycete characterisation see the [https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/microorganisms/special-groups-of-organisms/compendium-of-actinobacteria Compendium of Actinobacteria] from [https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/microbial-strain-collection/our-research/#anchorsection Prof. Joachim Wink] at the German Collection of Microorganisms &amp;amp; Cell Cultures ([https://www.dsmz.de/ DSMZ]). This resouce provides protocols for characterising a wide range of features for new isolates, but may also be applicable more broadly for example for phenotyping experiments. The tests include colony morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, carbon utlilisation and much more. To download the guide please see the link below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://actinobase.org/downloads/DSMZ.pdf DSMZ Compendium of Actinobacteria]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Plant-microbe interactions]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Microscopy]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cultivating Actinobacteria for Microscopic Analysis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Mutagenesis]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Natural Products]]== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Production of microbial volatile organic compounds]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Next Generation Sequencing]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP-exo sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05265-7/&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Differential RNA sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Nucleic Acid Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA interference]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Protein Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Alphabetical list of protocols=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[ChIP Seq]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1935</id>
		<title>Plant-Microbe interactions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Plant-Microbe_interactions&amp;diff=1935"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T12:41:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Studying the interactions between &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; bacteria and plant roots&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become clear that actinomycete bacteria like &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; species are not simply free-living soil bacteria. They also interact with plant roots and can colonise the rhizosphere and endosphere (inside the roots). For example, they are highly enriched inside the roots of bread wheat plants, which are a staple crop for humans (Prudence et al, 2021). This is fascinating because it helps us understand the natural ecology of these bacteria and their natural products - i.e. why they evolved, how they are regulated - and also because they may have uses as plant beneficial bacteria, e.g., by incorporating &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptomyces&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; spores into seed coatings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Protocols&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots| Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further Reading&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley SF et al (2021). Investigating the role of root exudates in recruiting Streptomyces bacteria to the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience, 8:686110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222338/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prudence, Newitt et al (2021). Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: Characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome. Environmental Microbiome 16:12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154664/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Worsley et al (2020). Streptomyces Endophytes Promote Host Health and Enhance Growth across Plant Species. Appl Env Microbiol. 86:e01053-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561579/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Newitt et al (2019). Biocontrol of cereal crop diseases using streptomycetes. Pathogens. 8:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200493/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kim et al (2019). A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees. Nature Comms. 22:4802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641114/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rey and Dumas (2017). Plenty Is No Plague: Streptomyces Symbiosis with Crops. Trends Plant Sci. 22:30-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916552/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
van der Meij, Worsley et al (2017). Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41: 392-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28521336/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seipke et al (2011). Streptomyces as symbionts; a new and emerging theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:867-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091965/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1934</id>
		<title>Protocols</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1934"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T12:30:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Plant-microbe interactions */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Actinobase-icons-trans_Protocols.png|150px|Protocols|link=Protocols]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Protocols organised by category=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Bacteriophage]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Biochemistry]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Microbiology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes | General Characterisaton of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a comprehensive guide to actinomycete characterisation see the [https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/microorganisms/special-groups-of-organisms/compendium-of-actinobacteria Compendium of Actinobacteria] from [https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/microbial-strain-collection/our-research/#anchorsection Prof. Joachim Wink] at the German Collection of Microorganisms &amp;amp; Cell Cultures ([https://www.dsmz.de/ DSMZ]). This resouce provides protocols for characterising a wide range of features for new isolates, but may also be applicable more broadly for example for phenotyping experiments. The tests include colony morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, carbon utlilisation and much more. To download the guide please see the link below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://actinobase.org/downloads/DSMZ.pdf DSMZ Compendium of Actinobacteria]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Plant-microbe interactions]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Microscopy]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cultivating Actinobacteria for Microscopic Analysis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Mutagenesis]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Natural Products]]== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Production of microbial volatile organic compounds]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Next Generation Sequencing]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP-exo sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05265-7/&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Differential RNA sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Nucleic Acid Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA interference]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Protein Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Alphabetical list of protocols=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[ChIP Seq]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1933</id>
		<title>Protocols</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1933"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T12:24:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: /* Plant-microbe interactions */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Actinobase-icons-trans_Protocols.png|150px|Protocols|link=Protocols]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Protocols organised by category=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Bacteriophage]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Biochemistry]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Microbiology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes | General Characterisaton of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a comprehensive guide to actinomycete characterisation see the [https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/microorganisms/special-groups-of-organisms/compendium-of-actinobacteria Compendium of Actinobacteria] from [https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/microbial-strain-collection/our-research/#anchorsection Prof. Joachim Wink] at the German Collection of Microorganisms &amp;amp; Cell Cultures ([https://www.dsmz.de/ DSMZ]). This resouce provides protocols for characterising a wide range of features for new isolates, but may also be applicable more broadly for example for phenotyping experiments. The tests include colony morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, carbon utlilisation and much more. To download the guide please see the link below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://actinobase.org/downloads/DSMZ.pdf DSMZ Compendium of Actinobacteria]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Plant-microbe interactions]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Microscopy]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cultivating Actinobacteria for Microscopic Analysis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Mutagenesis]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Natural Products]]== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Production of microbial volatile organic compounds]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Next Generation Sequencing]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP-exo sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05265-7/&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Differential RNA sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Nucleic Acid Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA interference]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Protein Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Alphabetical list of protocols=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[ChIP Seq]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1932</id>
		<title>Protocols</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1932"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T12:24:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Actinobase-icons-trans_Protocols.png|150px|Protocols|link=Protocols]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Protocols organised by category=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Bacteriophage]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Biochemistry]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Microbiology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes | General Characterisaton of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a comprehensive guide to actinomycete characterisation see the [https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/microorganisms/special-groups-of-organisms/compendium-of-actinobacteria Compendium of Actinobacteria] from [https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/microbial-strain-collection/our-research/#anchorsection Prof. Joachim Wink] at the German Collection of Microorganisms &amp;amp; Cell Cultures ([https://www.dsmz.de/ DSMZ]). This resouce provides protocols for characterising a wide range of features for new isolates, but may also be applicable more broadly for example for phenotyping experiments. The tests include colony morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, carbon utlilisation and much more. To download the guide please see the link below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://actinobase.org/downloads/DSMZ.pdf DSMZ Compendium of Actinobacteria]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Plant-microbe interactions]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Microscopy]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cultivating Actinobacteria for Microscopic Analysis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Mutagenesis]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Natural Products]]== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Production of microbial volatile organic compounds]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Next Generation Sequencing]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP-exo sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05265-7/&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Differential RNA sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Nucleic Acid Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA interference]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Protein Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Alphabetical list of protocols=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[ChIP Seq]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1931</id>
		<title>Protocols</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Protocols&amp;diff=1931"/>
		<updated>2021-10-26T12:19:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jake Newitt: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Actinobase-icons-trans_Protocols.png|150px|Protocols|link=Protocols]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Protocols organised by category=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Bacteriophage]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Biochemistry]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Microbiology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes | General Characterisaton of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For a comprehensive guide to actinomycete characterisation see the [https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/microorganisms/special-groups-of-organisms/compendium-of-actinobacteria Compendium of Actinobacteria] from [https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/microbial-strain-collection/our-research/#anchorsection Prof. Joachim Wink] at the German Collection of Microorganisms &amp;amp; Cell Cultures ([https://www.dsmz.de/ DSMZ]). This resouce provides protocols for characterising a wide range of features for new isolates, but may also be applicable more broadly for example for phenotyping experiments. The tests include colony morphology, melanin production, salt tolerance, carbon utlilisation and much more. To download the guide please see the link below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://actinobase.org/downloads/DSMZ.pdf DSMZ Compendium of Actinobacteria]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Microscopy]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cultivating Actinobacteria for Microscopic Analysis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Mutagenesis]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Natural Products]]== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Production of microbial volatile organic compounds]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Next Generation Sequencing]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ChIP-exo sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05265-7/&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA Sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Differential RNA sequencing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Nucleic Acid Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RNA interference]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==[[Protein Methods]]==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Alphabetical list of protocols=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Characterisation of Actinomycetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cloning, Transformation and Expression of Gene Clusters]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chemical mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[ChIP Seq]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Codon Optimising Sequences for Heterologous Expression in Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conjugation using ET12567/pUZ8002]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Depletion strains]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Exploration | &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; Exploration]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[General Growth and Maintenance of Streptomyces sp.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[GUS assay]] (β-Glucuronidase assay)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High GC PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[High titre preparation of phage]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Actinomycetes from the environment]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating extracellular protein from Streptomyces]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolating Streptomyces from plant roots]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from environmental samples]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Isolation of phages from single plaques]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination (PCR-targeting system a.k.a. &amp;quot;Redirect&amp;quot;)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lambda-red mediated recombination using ssDNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Meganuclease I-SceI based system for gene deletions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Metabolite extractions]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Protoplasts Formation, Regeneration and Transformation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[&amp;quot;Quikchange&amp;quot; site-directed mutagenesis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using a mutator strain]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[RNA extraction from Actinobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Salting Out Genomic DNA Extraction Method]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Southern Blotting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids| Staining of &#039;&#039;Streptomyces&#039;&#039; spp. Cell Wall and Nucleic Acids]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Streptomyces Bacteriophage plaque assay]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Suicide vectors]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Transposons]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[UV mutagenesis]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jake Newitt</name></author>
	</entry>
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