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	<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Pseudonocardia</id>
	<title>Pseudonocardia - Revision history</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Pseudonocardia"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;action=history"/>
	<updated>2026-10-17T23:44:01Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=460&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:12, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=460&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:12:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:12, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Ps.png | 600px | thumb]] &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Image&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; shows colonies of two different &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; strains growing on agar plates and on the propleural plate of an &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Acromyrmex echinatior&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; leafcutter ant (the white covering on the chest area).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Ps.png | 600px | thumb]] &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Image&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; shows colonies of two different &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; strains growing on agar plates and on the propleural plate of an &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Acromyrmex echinatior&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; leafcutter ant (the white covering on the chest area).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=459&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:11, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=459&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:11:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:11, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Ps.png | 600px | thumb]] Image shows colonies of two different Pseudonocardia strains growing on agar plates and on the &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pro pleural &lt;/del&gt;plate of an Acromyrmex echinatior leafcutter ant (white covering on the chest &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plate&lt;/del&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Ps.png | 600px | thumb]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Image&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;shows colonies of two different &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Pseudonocardia&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;strains growing on agar plates and on the &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;propleural &lt;/ins&gt;plate of an &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Acromyrmex echinatior&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;leafcutter ant (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;white covering on the chest &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;area&lt;/ins&gt;)&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=458&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:10, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=458&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:10:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:10, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Ps.png | 600px]] Image shows colonies of two different &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;POseudonocardia &lt;/del&gt;strains growing on agar plates and on the pro pleural plate of an Acromyrmex echinatior leafcutter ant (white covering on the chest plate)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Ps.png | 600px &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| thumb&lt;/ins&gt;]] Image shows colonies of two different &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pseudonocardia &lt;/ins&gt;strains growing on agar plates and on the pro pleural plate of an Acromyrmex echinatior leafcutter ant (white covering on the chest plate)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=457&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:09, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=457&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:09:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en-GB&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:09, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Ps.png | 600px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Ps.png | 600px]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Image shows colonies of two different POseudonocardia strains growing on agar plates and on the pro pleural plate of an Acromyrmex echinatior leafcutter ant (white covering on the chest plate)&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=456&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:08, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=456&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:08:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en-GB&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:08, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pseudonocardia&lt;/del&gt;.png | 600px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ps&lt;/ins&gt;.png | 600px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=454&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:04, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=454&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:04:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en-GB&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:04, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Pseudonocardia.png]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Pseudonocardia.png &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| 600px&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=453&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:04, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=453&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:04:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en-GB&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:04, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Pseudonocardia.png &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| 700px&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Pseudonocardia.png]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=452&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:04, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=452&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:04:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en-GB&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:04, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Pseudonocardia.png]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Pseudonocardia.png &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| 700px&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=451&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 13:03, 4 July 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=451&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-07-04T13:03:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en-GB&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:03, 4 July 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved attine ants are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[File:Pseudonocardia.png]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=171&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Matth at 09:12, 19 June 2019</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://actinobase.org/index.php?title=Pseudonocardia&amp;diff=171&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2019-06-19T09:12:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 09:12, 19 June 2019&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attires &lt;/del&gt;are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; are filamentous actinomycetes with ~6Mbp circular genomes, best known as vertically transmitted mutualists of fungus-growing attine ants. Leafcutter ant associated strains make polyene antifungals that are variants of nystatin A1, with additional hexose sugar groups. Less highly evolved &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attine ants &lt;/ins&gt;are associated with &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Pseudonocardia&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;  strains that make depsipeptide antibiotics such as dentigerumycin. These organisms are generally slow growing and often only grow on agar plates. They are also difficult to genetically manipulate although they are amenable to conjugation from &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;E. coli&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and mutations have been made using suicide vectors.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Further reading:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Matth</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>