Streptomyces clavuligerus - Revision history

Sam Prudence: /* Genome */

2020-02-20T15:47:23Z

Genome

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 20 February 2020
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	The genome of ''S. clavuligerus'' type strain ATCC 2764 has been analysed on several occasions, either by whole genome sequencing (8,9) or PFGE (10). It consists of a chromosome of 6.8 Mb that encodes 25 putative secondary metabolite clusters, including the clavulanic acid and cephamycin C clusters (11), and 4 linear plasmids: pSCL1 (11 kb), pSCL2 (150 kb), pSCL3 (455 kb) and pSCL4 (1,800 b). pSCL4 is a giant linear plasmid and it is the largest linear plasmid published to date and carries 17 putative secondary metabolite clusters including antibiotics such as staurosporine, moenomycin and other β-lactams.		The genome of ''S. clavuligerus'' type strain ATCC 2764 has been analysed on several occasions, either by whole genome sequencing (8,9) or PFGE (10). It consists of a chromosome of 6.8 Mb that encodes 25 putative secondary metabolite clusters, including the clavulanic acid and cephamycin C clusters (11), and 4 linear plasmids: pSCL1 (11 kb), pSCL2 (150 kb), pSCL3 (455 kb) and pSCL4 (1,800 b). pSCL4 is a giant linear plasmid and it is the largest linear plasmid published to date and carries 17 putative secondary metabolite clusters including antibiotics such as staurosporine, moenomycin and other β-lactams.

	Browse the ''S. clavuligerus'' genome and antiSMASH output via the [https://detoxbase.org/projects/Microbiology/ActinoBase/genome/GCF_001693675.1/view ~~ActioBase~~ MORF Genome Browser].		Browse the ''S. clavuligerus'' genome and antiSMASH output via the [https://detoxbase.org/projects/Microbiology/ActinoBase/genome/GCF_001693675.1/view ActinoBase MORF Genome Browser].

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Sam Prudence: /* Genome */

2020-02-20T15:45:07Z

Genome

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 20 February 2020
Line 15:		Line 15:
	The genome of ''S. clavuligerus'' type strain ATCC 2764 has been analysed on several occasions, either by whole genome sequencing (8,9) or PFGE (10). It consists of a chromosome of 6.8 Mb that encodes 25 putative secondary metabolite clusters, including the clavulanic acid and cephamycin C clusters (11), and 4 linear plasmids: pSCL1 (11 kb), pSCL2 (150 kb), pSCL3 (455 kb) and pSCL4 (1,800 b). pSCL4 is a giant linear plasmid and it is the largest linear plasmid published to date and carries 17 putative secondary metabolite clusters including antibiotics such as staurosporine, moenomycin and other β-lactams.		The genome of ''S. clavuligerus'' type strain ATCC 2764 has been analysed on several occasions, either by whole genome sequencing (8,9) or PFGE (10). It consists of a chromosome of 6.8 Mb that encodes 25 putative secondary metabolite clusters, including the clavulanic acid and cephamycin C clusters (11), and 4 linear plasmids: pSCL1 (11 kb), pSCL2 (150 kb), pSCL3 (455 kb) and pSCL4 (1,800 b). pSCL4 is a giant linear plasmid and it is the largest linear plasmid published to date and carries 17 putative secondary metabolite clusters including antibiotics such as staurosporine, moenomycin and other β-lactams.

	Browse the '''S. clavuligerus'' genome via the [https://detoxbase.org/projects/Microbiology/ActinoBase/genome/GCF_001693675.1/view ActioBase MORF Genome Browser].		Browse the ''S. clavuligerus'' genome and antiSMASH output via the [https://detoxbase.org/projects/Microbiology/ActinoBase/genome/GCF_001693675.1/view ActioBase MORF Genome Browser].

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Sam Prudence: /* Genome */

2020-02-20T15:44:44Z

Genome

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 20 February 2020
Line 14:		Line 14:
	==Genome==		==Genome==
	The genome of ''S. clavuligerus'' type strain ATCC 2764 has been analysed on several occasions, either by whole genome sequencing (8,9) or PFGE (10). It consists of a chromosome of 6.8 Mb that encodes 25 putative secondary metabolite clusters, including the clavulanic acid and cephamycin C clusters (11), and 4 linear plasmids: pSCL1 (11 kb), pSCL2 (150 kb), pSCL3 (455 kb) and pSCL4 (1,800 b). pSCL4 is a giant linear plasmid and it is the largest linear plasmid published to date and carries 17 putative secondary metabolite clusters including antibiotics such as staurosporine, moenomycin and other β-lactams.		The genome of ''S. clavuligerus'' type strain ATCC 2764 has been analysed on several occasions, either by whole genome sequencing (8,9) or PFGE (10). It consists of a chromosome of 6.8 Mb that encodes 25 putative secondary metabolite clusters, including the clavulanic acid and cephamycin C clusters (11), and 4 linear plasmids: pSCL1 (11 kb), pSCL2 (150 kb), pSCL3 (455 kb) and pSCL4 (1,800 b). pSCL4 is a giant linear plasmid and it is the largest linear plasmid published to date and carries 17 putative secondary metabolite clusters including antibiotics such as staurosporine, moenomycin and other β-lactams.

			Browse the '''S. clavuligerus'' genome via the [https://detoxbase.org/projects/Microbiology/ActinoBase/genome/GCF_001693675.1/view ActioBase MORF Genome Browser].

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

ASBirke: /* Streptomyces clavuligerus */

2019-09-27T14:34:26Z

Streptomyces clavuligerus

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:34, 27 September 2019
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	=''[[Streptomyces clavuligerus]]''=		=''[[Streptomyces clavuligerus]]''=

	''[[Streptomyces clavuligerus]]'' was originally isolated from a South American soil sample for its ability to produce cephalosporins. ~~Today~~, it is used ~~in industry for the production~~ of ~~cephamycin C~~ and clavulanic acid (1, 2, 3).		''[[Streptomyces clavuligerus]]'' was originally isolated from a South American soil sample for its ability to produce cephalosporins and penicillin N. It also produces cephamycins, such as deacetoxycephamycin C, and the commercially-relevant clavulanic acid. The name "clavuligerus" comes from the latin word ''[[clavula]]'', which stands for "little club" and the suffix ''[[-igerus]]'', which stands for "bearing". This refers to the morphology of the hyphae and the spores under a microscope. When ''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' sporulates, it produces a greyish-greenish pigment depending on the type of media it grows on(1).

			''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' is the industrial producer of the beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid, that reduces the MIC of antibiotics used against b-lactamase producing strains of ''[[Staphylococcus]]'', ''[[Klebsiella]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' and ''[[E. coli]]''. Due to its beta-lactamase inhibiting properties, clavulanic acid is co-formulated with amoxicillin, for which the generic name is co-amoxiclav. The biosynthetic pathway in S. clavuligerus has been almost completely deciphered (Jensen and Paradkar, 1999). Approaches to increase the yield of clavulanic acid as a fermentation product encompass fermentation optimisation approaches, as well as genetic modification for metabolic tailoring/engineering.
	''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' differs from most other ''[[Streptomyces]]'' in that the wildtype is unable to take up sufficient amounts of glucose for it to utilise it as a sole carbon source (4). This has been attributed to the low expression levels of the glucose uptake protein, glucose permease, encoded by ''[[glcP]]'' (5). This is despite the ''[[glcP]]'' gene and the glucokinase gene, ''[[(glk)]]'', being present on the genome. The combination of the glucose permease and glucokinase has been shown to function as the main glucose uptake system in the model organism ''[[S. coelicolor]]''(6,7).		''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' differs from most other ''[[Streptomyces]]'' in that the wildtype is unable to take up sufficient amounts of glucose for it to utilise it as a sole carbon source (4). This has been attributed to the low expression levels of the glucose uptake protein, glucose permease, encoded by ''[[glcP]]'' (5). This is despite the ''[[glcP]]'' gene and the glucokinase gene, ''[[(glk)]]'', being present on the genome. The combination of the glucose permease and glucokinase has been shown to function as the main glucose uptake system in the model organism ''[[S. coelicolor]]''(6,7).

LisAlgora at 14:13, 4 September 2019

2019-09-04T14:13:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:13, 4 September 2019
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	Unlike most ''[[Streptomyces]]'', ''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' does not sporulate on [[SFM \| MS]] medium but can be grown on [[GYM]] medium for sporulation. Aside from [[GYM]], wildtype grows well on [[TSB]] agar and [[DNA]].		Unlike most ''[[Streptomyces]]'', ''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' does not sporulate on [[SFM \| MS]] medium but can be grown on [[GYM]] medium for sporulation. Aside from [[GYM]], wildtype grows well on [[TSB]] agar and [[DNA]].

	For cultivation in liquid, TSB medium gives the best result for dispersed growth. For growth curves in liquid, it is best to heat-active spores for 10 minutes at 50° prior to pre-germing for 12 - 24 hours (usually 10 ml of medim). Absorbance measurement readings at 600 nm wavelength can be used up until roughly 48 hours into the growth curve, cell dry weight, however, will give a more accurate result.		For cultivation in liquid, [[TSB]] medium gives the best result for dispersed growth. For growth curves in liquid, it is best to heat-active spores for 10 minutes at 50° prior to pre-germing for 12 - 24 hours (usually 10 ml of medim). Absorbance measurement readings at 600 nm wavelength can be used up until roughly 48 hours into the growth curve, cell dry weight, however, will give a more accurate result.

	==Genome==		==Genome==

LisAlgora at 14:11, 4 September 2019

2019-09-04T14:11:18Z

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ==Cultivation==
-Unlike most ''[[Streptomyces]]'', ''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' does not sporulate on SFM medium but can be grown on GYM medium for sporulation. Aside from GYM, wildtype grows well on TSB agar and nutrient agar.
+Unlike most ''[[Streptomyces]]'', ''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' does not sporulate on [[SFM | MS]]  medium but can be grown on [[GYM]] medium for sporulation. Aside from [[GYM]], wildtype grows well on [[TSB]] agar and [[DNA]].
 For cultivation in liquid, TSB medium gives the best result for dispersed growth. For growth curves in liquid, it is best to heat-active spores for 10 minutes at 50° prior to pre-germing for 12 - 24 hours (usually 10 ml of medim). Absorbance measurement readings at 600 nm wavelength can be used up until roughly 48 hours into the growth curve, cell dry weight, however, will give a more accurate result.
 ==Protocols==
-Media recipes:
+Preferred media:
-* GYM medium
+* [[GYM]] medium
-* TSB agar and liquid medium
+* [[TSB]] agar and liquid medium
-* Nutrient agar
+* [[DNA]]
 Conjugation
@@ Line 28: / Line 75: @@
 #Van Wezel, G. P., Mahr, K., König, M., Traag, B. A., Pimentel‐Schmitt, E. F., Willimek, A. and Titgemeyer, F. (2005) ‘GlcP constitutes the major glucose uptake system of Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)’, Molecular microbiology. Wiley Online Library, 55(2), pp. 624–636.
 #Van Wezel, G. P., König, M., Mahr, K., Nothaft, H., Thomae, A. W., Bibb, M. and Titgemeyer, F. (2007) ‘A new piece of an old jigsaw: glucose kinase is activated posttranslationally in a glucose transport-dependent manner in Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)’, Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology. Karger Publishers, 12(1–2), pp. 67–74.

ASBirke: /* References */

2019-08-30T15:05:17Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:05, 30 August 2019
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	==References==		==References==

	~~(1)~~Higgens, C. E. and Kastner, R. E. (1971) ‘Streptomyces clavuligerus sp. nov., a β-lactam antibiotic producer’, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Microbiology Society, 21(4), pp. 326–331.		#Higgens, C. E. and Kastner, R. E. (1971) ‘Streptomyces clavuligerus sp. nov., a β-lactam antibiotic producer’, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Microbiology Society, 21(4), pp. 326–331.
	~~(2)~~Howarth, T. T., Brown, A. G. and King, T. J. (1976) ‘Clavulanic acid, a novel β-lactam isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus; X-ray crystal structure analysis’, Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications. Royal Society of Chemistry, (7), p. 266b–267.		#Howarth, T. T., Brown, A. G. and King, T. J. (1976) ‘Clavulanic acid, a novel β-lactam isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus; X-ray crystal structure analysis’, Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications. Royal Society of Chemistry, (7), p. 266b–267.
	~~(3)~~Jensen, S. E. and Paradkar, A. S. (1999) ‘Biosynthesis and molecular genetics of clavulanic acid’, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Springer, 75(1), pp. 125–133.		#Jensen, S. E. and Paradkar, A. S. (1999) ‘Biosynthesis and molecular genetics of clavulanic acid’, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Springer, 75(1), pp. 125–133.
	~~(4)~~Garcia-Dominguez, M., Martin, J. F. and Liras, P. (1989) ‘Characterization of sugar uptake in wild-type Streptomyces clavuligerus, which is impaired in glucose uptake, and in a glucose-utilizing mutant.’, Journal of bacteriology. Am Soc Microbiol, 171(12), pp. 6808–6814.		#Garcia-Dominguez, M., Martin, J. F. and Liras, P. (1989) ‘Characterization of sugar uptake in wild-type Streptomyces clavuligerus, which is impaired in glucose uptake, and in a glucose-utilizing mutant.’, Journal of bacteriology. Am Soc Microbiol, 171(12), pp. 6808–6814.
	~~(5)~~Pérez-Redondo, R., Santamarta, I., Bovenberg, R., Martín, J. F. and Liras, P. (2010) ‘The enigmatic lack of glucose utilization in Streptomyces clavuligerus is due to inefficient expression of the glucose permease gene’, Microbiology. Microbiology Society, 156(5), pp. 1527–1537.		#Pérez-Redondo, R., Santamarta, I., Bovenberg, R., Martín, J. F. and Liras, P. (2010) ‘The enigmatic lack of glucose utilization in Streptomyces clavuligerus is due to inefficient expression of the glucose permease gene’, Microbiology. Microbiology Society, 156(5), pp. 1527–1537.
	~~(6)~~Van Wezel, G. P., Mahr, K., König, M., Traag, B. A., Pimentel‐Schmitt, E. F., Willimek, A. and Titgemeyer, F. (2005) ‘GlcP constitutes the major glucose uptake system of Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)’, Molecular microbiology. Wiley Online Library, 55(2), pp. 624–636.		#Van Wezel, G. P., Mahr, K., König, M., Traag, B. A., Pimentel‐Schmitt, E. F., Willimek, A. and Titgemeyer, F. (2005) ‘GlcP constitutes the major glucose uptake system of Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)’, Molecular microbiology. Wiley Online Library, 55(2), pp. 624–636.
	~~(7)~~Van Wezel, G. P., König, M., Mahr, K., Nothaft, H., Thomae, A. W., Bibb, M. and Titgemeyer, F. (2007) ‘A new piece of an old jigsaw: glucose kinase is activated posttranslationally in a glucose transport-dependent manner in Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)’, Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology. Karger Publishers, 12(1–2), pp. 67–74.		#Van Wezel, G. P., König, M., Mahr, K., Nothaft, H., Thomae, A. W., Bibb, M. and Titgemeyer, F. (2007) ‘A new piece of an old jigsaw: glucose kinase is activated posttranslationally in a glucose transport-dependent manner in Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)’, Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology. Karger Publishers, 12(1–2), pp. 67–74.

ASBirke: Created page with "=''Streptomyces clavuligerus''= ''Streptomyces clavuligerus'' was originally isolated from a South American soil sample for its ability to produce cephalosporins. Tod..."

2019-08-30T15:03:44Z

Created page with "=''Streptomyces clavuligerus''= ''Streptomyces clavuligerus'' was originally isolated from a South American soil sample for its ability to produce cephalosporins. Tod..."

New page

=''[[Streptomyces clavuligerus]]''=

''[[Streptomyces clavuligerus]]'' was originally isolated from a South American soil sample for its ability to produce cephalosporins. Today, it is used in industry for the production of cephamycin C and clavulanic acid (1, 2, 3).
''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' differs from most other ''[[Streptomyces]]'' in that the wildtype is unable to take up sufficient amounts of glucose for it to utilise it as a sole carbon source (4). This has been attributed to the low expression levels of the glucose uptake protein, glucose permease, encoded by ''[[glcP]]'' (5). This is despite the ''[[glcP]]'' gene and the glucokinase gene, ''[[(glk)]]'', being present on the genome. The combination of the glucose permease and glucokinase has been shown to function as the main glucose uptake system in the model organism ''[[S. coelicolor]]''(6,7).

==Cultivation==

Unlike most ''[[Streptomyces]]'', ''[[S. clavuligerus]]'' does not sporulate on SFM medium but can be grown on GYM medium for sporulation. Aside from GYM, wildtype grows well on TSB agar and nutrient agar.

For cultivation in liquid, TSB medium gives the best result for dispersed growth. For growth curves in liquid, it is best to heat-active spores for 10 minutes at 50° prior to pre-germing for 12 - 24 hours (usually 10 ml of medim). Absorbance measurement readings at 600 nm wavelength can be used up until roughly 48 hours into the growth curve, cell dry weight, however, will give a more accurate result.

==Protocols==

Media recipes:
* GYM medium
* TSB agar and liquid medium
* Nutrient agar

Conjugation

==References==

(1)Higgens, C. E. and Kastner, R. E. (1971) ‘Streptomyces clavuligerus sp. nov., a β-lactam antibiotic producer’, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Microbiology Society, 21(4), pp. 326–331.
(2)Howarth, T. T., Brown, A. G. and King, T. J. (1976) ‘Clavulanic acid, a novel β-lactam isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus; X-ray crystal structure analysis’, Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications. Royal Society of Chemistry, (7), p. 266b–267.
(3)Jensen, S. E. and Paradkar, A. S. (1999) ‘Biosynthesis and molecular genetics of clavulanic acid’, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Springer, 75(1), pp. 125–133.
(4)Garcia-Dominguez, M., Martin, J. F. and Liras, P. (1989) ‘Characterization of sugar uptake in wild-type Streptomyces clavuligerus, which is impaired in glucose uptake, and in a glucose-utilizing mutant.’, Journal of bacteriology. Am Soc Microbiol, 171(12), pp. 6808–6814.
(5)Pérez-Redondo, R., Santamarta, I., Bovenberg, R., Martín, J. F. and Liras, P. (2010) ‘The enigmatic lack of glucose utilization in Streptomyces clavuligerus is due to inefficient expression of the glucose permease gene’, Microbiology. Microbiology Society, 156(5), pp. 1527–1537.
(6)Van Wezel, G. P., Mahr, K., König, M., Traag, B. A., Pimentel‐Schmitt, E. F., Willimek, A. and Titgemeyer, F. (2005) ‘GlcP constitutes the major glucose uptake system of Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)’, Molecular microbiology. Wiley Online Library, 55(2), pp. 624–636.
(7)Van Wezel, G. P., König, M., Mahr, K., Nothaft, H., Thomae, A. W., Bibb, M. and Titgemeyer, F. (2007) ‘A new piece of an old jigsaw: glucose kinase is activated posttranslationally in a glucose transport-dependent manner in Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2)’, Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology. Karger Publishers, 12(1–2), pp. 67–74.